New South Wales fuel prices, October 2026 so far
Prices from 1 October to 29 October 2026Updated
New South Wales U91 average
242.1c/L+17.2 c/L on September 2026
- Sydney U91
- 238.6c/L
- Rest of New South Wales U91
- 244.0c/L
- Diesel average
- 283.2c/L
Sydney month by month, what makes up a litre, margins, the price cycle, excise, the other capitals, and every regional town we could rank.
This period: 1 October 2026 to 29 October 2026. This covers part of the calendar period. The change compares the available days, not two full calendar periods. Station coverage can also change.
Report highlights
Quote these with the credit: Source: FuelRadar Australia, New South Wales fuel prices, October 2026 so far, fuelradar.com.au/fuel-price-reports/nsw/2026-10
Sydney reported prices averaged 238.6 c/L for U91 in October 2026, up 16.0 c/L on September 2026.
Richmond North was the cheapest town in Sydney – Outer West and Blue Mountains for U91 in October 2026 at 238.2 c/L, 0.4 c/L below Sydney.
Newcastle averaged 240.2 c/L for U91 in October 2026, 1.6 c/L above Sydney, and was cheaper than Sydney in 1 of 7 months since our records began on 13 April 2026.
Since our records began on 13 April 2026, the day of the week made little difference to U91 prices in Sydney: the cheapest and dearest days were 0.3 c/L apart on average.
Filling a 60-litre tank with U91 in Appin rather than in Ivanhoe saved $40.38 on average in October 2026.
Independent service stations in New South Wales averaged 2.3 c/L less than the major brands for U91 in October 2026, and 6.4 c/L less in Sydney.
Diesel cost 39.7 c/L more than U91 in Sydney in October 2026, down from 43.7 c/L in September 2026.
Appin was New South Wales’s cheapest town for U91 in October 2026 at 232.1 c/L, 6.5 c/L below Sydney.
Key points
Written from FuelRadar’s station-day averages for the period.
Sydney reported prices averaged 238.6 c/L for U91 in October 2026, up 16.0 c/L on September 2026.
In October 2026, diesel averaged 278.3 c/L in Sydney, up 12.0 c/L on September 2026.
Since our records began on 13 April 2026, Sydney's highest daily U91 average was 242.5 c/L on 13 October 2026 and its lowest 152.1 c/L on 29 June 2026. The high was set in October 2026.
Sydney's daily U91 average went from 236.6 c/L on 1 October to 236.9 c/L on 29 October, and diesel from 280.7 c/L to 279.0 c/L.
The highest daily average in Sydney was 242.5 c/L for U91 on 13 October and 280.7 c/L for diesel on 1 October.
Since 1 July 2026 in Sydney: U91 up 79.3 c/L, E10 up 79.3 c/L, diesel up 99.8 c/L, P95 up 81.9 c/L, P98 up 79.3 c/L and LPG up 2.7 c/L.
Sydney ranked fifth cheapest of the 8 capital cities for U91; Adelaide was the cheapest at 233.5 c/L and Hobart the dearest at 247.4 c/L.
On 29 common dates in October 2026, Sydney's U91 daily averages had a mean of 238.5 c/L, against 232.7 c/L at the Sydney terminal: a gross spread of 5.9 c/L. Each date counts equally; this is not the station-day-weighted headline mean or a profit estimate.
The Sydney terminal gate price averaged 232.7 c/L for unleaded and 264.7 c/L for diesel, up 14.5 c/L and up 6.4 c/L on September 2026.
Wholesale unleaded averaged 232.7 c/L at the Sydney terminal, a record: the dearest wholesale month since AIP's series began in January 2004 (the previous high was September 2026 at 218.2 c/L); the cheapest of the last ten years was April 2020 at 83.8 c/L.
Our margin-based rule detected no U91 price-cycle hike in Sydney in October 2026. This does not establish why retail prices changed.
The cheapest U91 outside Sydney was in Appin, at 232.1 c/L, 6.5 c/L below Sydney.
Every fuel in New South Wales
| Fuel | New South Wales | Sydney | Rest of state |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unleaded 91 | 242.1 | 238.6 | 244.0 |
| Diesel | 283.2 | 278.3 | 284.4 |
| E10 | 237.7 | 236.5 | 238.8 |
| Premium 95 | 257.7 | 256.2 | 258.7 |
| Premium 98 | 265.7 | 263.8 | 267.0 |
| LPG | 118.4 | 113.1 | 124.7 |
Cents a litre. Change is on September 2026. Difference is the rest of the state against Sydney.
What makes up a litre in Sydney
What makes up a litre of Unleaded 91
Source: FuelRadar (fuelradar.com.au)
How we worked this out
A benchmark illustration using differently weighted period averages, not a matched purchase basket or measured retailer costs. See the same-date retail/TGP comparison separately.
Wholesale is the terminal gate price without GST and excise, less crude oil. GST is one eleventh of the retail price. The retail difference is what is left: the retailer’s costs and margin, without its GST. Bands are rounded so they add up to the retail price.
Retail: FuelRadar station-day averages for Sydney. Our retail records begin on 13 April 2026, so a period before then has the wholesale side only, and “dearest” and “cheapest” compare the periods since our records began.
Terminal gate price: AIP, Sydney terminal, carried over weekends. Crude oil: Brent spot (US EIA, via FRED) in Australian dollars, at 158.987 litres a barrel. Excise: ATO, averaged over the period’s days.
Every period (4 rows)
| Period | Crude oil (Brent, A$) | Wholesale: refining, shipping, terminal | Excise | GST | Retail difference | Retail price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 2026Dearest since our records began | 112.2 | 45.6 | 53.7 | 21.7 | 5.4 | 238.6 |
| September 2026 | 101.4 | 43.3 | 53.7 | 20.2 | 4.0 | 222.6 |
| 2025 averageWholesale side only | 67.5 | 29.5 | 51.1 | — | — | — |
| Cheapest: June 2026 | 76.6 | 45.1 | 20.6 | 14.7 | 4.8 | 161.8 |
Month by month, U91
| Area | Month |
|---|---|
| New South Wales | 242.1 |
| Sydney | 238.6 |
| Rest of New South Wales | 244.0 |
| Sydney Inner South WestArea | 236.0 |
| Sydney Outer South WestArea | 236.9 |
| Sydney Inner WestArea | 237.0 |
| Sydney South WestArea | 237.6 |
| Sydney–ParramattaArea | 237.7 |
| Sydney – City and Inner SouthArea | 238.2 |
| Sydney–RydeArea | 238.5 |
| Sydney – Northern BeachesArea | 238.9 |
| Sydney – Baulkham Hills and HawkesburyArea | 239.2 |
| Sydney–SutherlandArea | 240.3 |
| Sydney–BlacktownArea | 240.4 |
| Sydney – North Sydney and HornsbyArea | 240.8 |
| Sydney – Outer West and Blue MountainsArea | 241.7 |
| Sydney – Eastern SuburbsArea | 243.1 |
| Central CoastRegional city | 239.8 |
| NewcastleRegional city | 240.2 |
| WollongongRegional city | 241.6 |
Cents a litre. Each month is the station-day average of the days it has in the period. An area’s months count the same stations as its month.
Month by month, diesel
Show diesel month by month
| Area | Month |
|---|---|
| New South Wales | 283.2 |
| Sydney | 278.3 |
| Rest of New South Wales | 284.4 |
| Sydney Outer South WestArea | 272.9 |
| Sydney–ParramattaArea | 274.2 |
| Sydney Inner South WestArea | 274.5 |
| Sydney South WestArea | 275.9 |
| Sydney Inner WestArea | 278.1 |
| Sydney–BlacktownArea | 281.4 |
| Sydney – Outer West and Blue MountainsArea | 281.5 |
| Sydney – City and Inner SouthArea | 282.1 |
| Sydney–RydeArea | 282.5 |
| Sydney – Baulkham Hills and HawkesburyArea | 284.3 |
| Sydney – Northern BeachesArea | 286.5 |
| Sydney – Eastern SuburbsArea | 286.8 |
| Sydney – North Sydney and HornsbyArea | 288.0 |
| Sydney–SutherlandArea | 288.3 |
| WollongongRegional city | 281.5 |
| NewcastleRegional city | 281.7 |
| Central CoastRegional city | 284.3 |
Cents a litre. Each month is the station-day average of the days it has in the period. An area’s months count the same stations as its month.
Retail and wholesale on the same days, U91
Sydney retail prices compared with the Sydney terminal. This is not the delivered wholesale cost at individual stations.
| Period | Days used / window | Retail daily mean | TGP, same days | Gross spread |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026; 12 carried TGP days. Gaps may occur within this range. | 29 / 29 | 238.5 | 232.7 | 5.9 |
| September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026; 8 carried TGP days. Gaps may occur within this range. | 30 / 30 | 222.6 | 218.2 | 4.4 |
Each common date counts once. Retail is the mean of the saved daily capital averages, not the station-day-weighted headline mean. TGP uses the same dates and carries the last published value for at most six subsequent calendar days. Retail prices can already include carried station prices. Means and spreads are rounded separately. The gross spread is not profit or a causal explanation. Retail carry limit: 30 days. Unmatched dates are excluded; common days are not a station or sales coverage percentage.
Retail and wholesale on the same days, Diesel
Sydney retail prices compared with the Sydney terminal. This is not the delivered wholesale cost at individual stations.
Show Diesel comparison
| Period | Days used / window | Retail daily mean | TGP, same days | Gross spread |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026; 12 carried TGP days. Gaps may occur within this range. | 29 / 29 | 278.3 | 264.7 | 13.5 |
| September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026; 8 carried TGP days. Gaps may occur within this range. | 30 / 30 | 266.6 | 258.3 | 8.3 |
Worked out the same way as the table above.
Market trends this year
Retail, terminal gate and crude oil prices this year
Source: FuelRadar (fuelradar.com.au)
How we worked this out
Retail: FuelRadar daily averages for Sydney, from 13 April 2026 when our records begin.
Terminal gate prices (dashed): AIP, Sydney terminal, weekdays. Brent crude: US EIA spot price via FRED, converted at each day’s exchange rate and 158.987 litres a barrel.
Daily figures (272 rows)
| Date | U91, Sydney | Diesel, Sydney | Unleaded terminal gate price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29 Oct | 236.9 | 279.0 | — |
| 28 Oct | 235.2 | 278.6 | — |
| 27 Oct | 235.5 | 277.4 | — |
| 26 Oct | 235.7 | 276.8 | — |
| 25 Oct | 236.1 | 277.1 | — |
| 24 Oct | 236.4 | 277.2 | — |
| 23 Oct | 236.6 | 276.9 | 222.8 |
| 22 Oct | 237.2 | 276.6 | 224.6 |
| 21 Oct | 238.0 | 276.2 | 226.1 |
| 20 Oct | 239.0 | 276.4 | 229.7 |
| 19 Oct | 239.6 | 276.9 | 232.3 |
| 18 Oct | 239.8 | 276.9 | — |
| 17 Oct | 240.0 | 276.6 | — |
| 16 Oct | 240.2 | 276.8 | 235.5 |
| 15 Oct | 241.0 | 277.0 | 237.9 |
| 14 Oct | 241.6 | 277.4 | 239.2 |
| 13 Oct | 242.5 | 277.7 | 240.9 |
| 12 Oct | 241.8 | 278.6 | 242.0 |
| 11 Oct | 241.5 | 279.3 | — |
| 10 Oct | 241.4 | 279.3 | — |
| 9 Oct | 241.3 | 279.2 | 240.7 |
| 8 Oct | 240.7 | 279.4 | 239.7 |
| 7 Oct | 239.0 | 280.0 | 239.1 |
| 6 Oct | 237.9 | 280.0 | 236.7 |
| 5 Oct | 236.5 | 280.2 | 235.6 |
| 4 Oct | 236.9 | 280.3 | — |
| 3 Oct | 236.8 | 280.5 | — |
| 2 Oct | 236.1 | 280.5 | 234.3 |
| 1 Oct | 236.6 | 280.7 | 233.1 |
| 30 Sept | 237.1 | 280.9 | 232.2 |
| 29 Sept | 237.2 | 281.0 | 231.6 |
| 28 Sept | 237.3 | 281.1 | 232.2 |
| 27 Sept | 237.4 | 281.1 | — |
| 26 Sept | 237.7 | 281.1 | — |
| 25 Sept | 238.1 | 281.8 | 233.1 |
| 24 Sept | 238.5 | 282.4 | 233.6 |
| 23 Sept | 238.5 | 282.9 | 233.6 |
| 22 Sept | 238.6 | 282.9 | 232.3 |
| 21 Sept | 237.7 | 281.4 | 231.1 |
| 20 Sept | 237.2 | 280.4 | — |
| 19 Sept | 236.7 | 279.8 | — |
| 18 Sept | 234.9 | 277.9 | 228.0 |
| 17 Sept | 231.5 | 274.5 | 224.7 |
| 16 Sept | 226.7 | 268.4 | 221.7 |
| 15 Sept | 221.2 | 263.8 | 216.8 |
| 14 Sept | 216.3 | 259.8 | 214.6 |
| 13 Sept | 213.5 | 257.7 | — |
| 12 Sept | 213.2 | 257.3 | — |
| 11 Sept | 212.4 | 256.7 | 212.3 |
| 10 Sept | 210.2 | 254.7 | 210.0 |
| 9 Sept | 207.5 | 252.9 | 207.3 |
| 8 Sept | 208.0 | 252.1 | 204.8 |
| 7 Sept | 206.7 | 250.8 | 203.2 |
| 6 Sept | 205.4 | 250.2 | — |
| 5 Sept | 205.0 | 250.1 | — |
| 4 Sept | 204.6 | 249.3 | 200.8 |
| 3 Sept | 203.9 | 248.3 | 198.6 |
| 2 Sept | 202.4 | 247.9 | 197.5 |
| 1 Sept | 202.2 | 247.8 | 196.6 |
| 31 Aug | 201.5 | 248.1 | 197.0 |
| 30 Aug | 202.0 | 248.2 | — |
| 29 Aug | 202.1 | 248.2 | — |
| 28 Aug | 202.3 | 248.2 | 197.1 |
| 27 Aug | 202.5 | 248.4 | 198.0 |
| 26 Aug | 202.7 | 248.7 | 198.1 |
| 25 Aug | 203.0 | 248.7 | 197.8 |
| 24 Aug | 202.8 | 247.4 | 197.4 |
| 23 Aug | 201.5 | 246.8 | — |
| 22 Aug | 200.9 | 245.8 | — |
| 21 Aug | 200.1 | 245.0 | 196.7 |
| 20 Aug | 198.7 | 243.9 | 195.9 |
| 19 Aug | 197.1 | 241.8 | 195.2 |
| 18 Aug | 196.6 | 241.6 | 194.3 |
| 17 Aug | 196.0 | 240.2 | 193.7 |
| 16 Aug | 195.8 | 239.6 | — |
| 15 Aug | 195.5 | 238.9 | — |
| 14 Aug | 195.6 | 238.4 | 192.0 |
| 13 Aug | 196.3 | 238.3 | 190.7 |
| 12 Aug | 197.4 | 239.3 | 190.7 |
| 11 Aug | 199.1 | 240.3 | 191.9 |
| 10 Aug | 201.2 | 242.0 | 193.7 |
| 9 Aug | 203.1 | 244.0 | — |
| 8 Aug | 203.5 | 244.1 | — |
| 7 Aug | 204.4 | 244.6 | 197.4 |
| 6 Aug | 205.6 | 245.8 | 199.3 |
| 5 Aug | 204.1 | 245.5 | 199.5 |
| 4 Aug | 201.9 | 244.7 | 199.1 |
| 3 Aug | 198.2 | 241.4 | 204.3 |
| 2 Aug | 194.3 | 237.8 | — |
| 1 Aug | 193.5 | 235.9 | — |
| 31 July | 192.6 | 234.7 | 184.3 |
| 30 July | 192.0 | 233.9 | 184.8 |
| 29 July | 191.1 | 232.8 | 184.5 |
| 28 July | 190.0 | 232.1 | 183.7 |
| 27 July | 187.0 | 228.6 | 181.5 |
| 26 July | 184.4 | 225.0 | — |
| 25 July | 183.2 | 223.5 | — |
| 24 July | 181.9 | 221.7 | 178.3 |
| 23 July | 179.8 | 219.3 | 175.3 |
| 22 July | 177.1 | 215.7 | 174.0 |
| 21 July | 174.8 | 212.4 | 171.0 |
| 20 July | 174.2 | 210.1 | 169.4 |
| 19 July | 173.4 | 207.8 | — |
| 18 July | 172.5 | 204.8 | — |
| 17 July | 171.9 | 202.4 | 167.2 |
| 16 July | 170.1 | 198.9 | 164.8 |
| 15 July | 168.3 | 194.6 | 162.3 |
| 14 July | 168.0 | 191.6 | 160.9 |
| 13 July | 167.0 | 189.3 | 160.8 |
| 12 July | 165.8 | 188.4 | — |
| 11 July | 165.4 | 187.2 | — |
| 10 July | 165.6 | 185.9 | 161.0 |
| 9 July | 165.7 | 184.9 | 162.4 |
| 8 July | 165.7 | 184.8 | 163.4 |
| 7 July | 165.4 | 184.7 | 164.4 |
| 6 July | 165.2 | 184.5 | 164.8 |
| 5 July | 164.1 | 184.3 | — |
| 4 July | 163.7 | 186.7 | — |
| 3 July | 161.7 | 184.4 | 164.3 |
| 2 July | 159.8 | 181.8 | 163.8 |
| 1 July | 157.6 | 179.2 | 162.9 |
| 30 June | 152.4 | 173.5 | 147.3 |
| 29 June | 152.1 | 173.2 | 147.4 |
| 28 June | 152.3 | 173.5 | — |
| 27 June | 152.6 | 173.8 | — |
| 26 June | 152.9 | 174.2 | 148.3 |
| 25 June | 154.5 | 175.5 | 148.8 |
| 24 June | 155.7 | 177.5 | 149.0 |
| 23 June | 156.7 | 179.9 | 151.1 |
| 22 June | 157.5 | 183.3 | 151.7 |
| 21 June | 158.4 | 184.5 | — |
| 20 June | 159.1 | 184.7 | — |
| 19 June | 159.5 | 185.6 | 153.8 |
| 18 June | 160.3 | 188.1 | 157.2 |
| 17 June | 161.5 | 191.6 | 159.6 |
| 16 June | 162.2 | 192.6 | 161.8 |
| 15 June | 162.7 | 193.6 | 161.7 |
| 14 June | 162.3 | 195.3 | — |
| 13 June | 162.4 | 195.5 | — |
| 12 June | 162.5 | 195.7 | 161.0 |
| 11 June | 163.2 | 196.0 | 160.3 |
| 10 June | 163.9 | 197.4 | 159.4 |
| 9 June | 165.7 | 198.5 | 159.1 |
| 8 June | 167.2 | 199.9 | 159.1 |
| 7 June | 167.5 | 200.2 | — |
| 6 June | 167.7 | 200.4 | — |
| 5 June | 168.2 | 200.8 | 159.9 |
| 4 June | 170.0 | 203.0 | 160.0 |
| 3 June | 172.2 | 206.0 | 162.2 |
| 2 June | 174.1 | 208.4 | 164.6 |
| 1 June | 177.3 | 210.9 | 166.9 |
| 31 May | 178.6 | 213.3 | — |
| 30 May | 179.2 | 214.5 | — |
| 29 May | 180.7 | 215.3 | 169.9 |
| 28 May | 183.3 | 218.0 | 172.7 |
| 27 May | 185.0 | 222.7 | 175.7 |
| 26 May | 186.1 | 223.5 | 179.2 |
| 25 May | 186.8 | 224.1 | 180.4 |
| 24 May | 187.1 | 224.5 | — |
| 23 May | 187.3 | 224.5 | — |
| 22 May | 187.6 | 224.8 | 181.1 |
| 21 May | 187.7 | 225.4 | 180.6 |
| 20 May | 187.9 | 226.1 | 178.8 |
| 19 May | 187.9 | 227.0 | 175.5 |
| 18 May | 188.1 | 228.5 | 173.6 |
| 17 May | 190.9 | 229.5 | — |
| 16 May | 191.0 | 229.6 | — |
| 15 May | 184.8 | 229.8 | 172.6 |
| 14 May | 186.2 | 230.5 | 172.8 |
| 13 May | 185.0 | 231.1 | 173.6 |
| 12 May | 183.4 | 233.3 | 176.0 |
| 11 May | 184.7 | 234.3 | 178.4 |
| 10 May | 184.1 | 236.7 | — |
| 9 May | 184.0 | 237.0 | — |
| 8 May | 183.3 | 237.7 | 181.5 |
| 7 May | 182.2 | 238.5 | 182.4 |
| 6 May | 181.3 | 241.7 | 181.9 |
| 5 May | 180.2 | 243.2 | 182.9 |
| 4 May | 180.6 | 244.7 | 183.1 |
| 3 May | 180.6 | 245.2 | — |
| 2 May | 180.6 | 245.3 | — |
| 1 May | 180.8 | 245.4 | 183.1 |
| 30 Apr | 181.8 | 246.7 | 182.2 |
| 29 Apr | 181.8 | 247.7 | 181.1 |
| 28 Apr | 181.9 | 248.7 | 180.1 |
| 27 Apr | 182.7 | 250.1 | 180.4 |
| 26 Apr | 183.0 | 251.6 | — |
| 25 Apr | 183.6 | 252.6 | — |
| 24 Apr | 184.5 | 254.6 | 180.2 |
| 23 Apr | 187.8 | 263.3 | 181.5 |
| 22 Apr | 191.4 | 276.0 | 183.4 |
| 21 Apr | 197.1 | 286.0 | 186.2 |
| 20 Apr | 200.1 | 289.8 | 187.6 |
| 19 Apr | 203.0 | 293.1 | — |
| 18 Apr | 204.0 | 294.2 | — |
| 17 Apr | 206.5 | 296.5 | 190.5 |
| 16 Apr | 210.2 | 302.4 | 191.8 |
| 15 Apr | 212.7 | 308.7 | 195.8 |
| 14 Apr | 213.0 | 310.4 | 198.8 |
| 13 Apr | 215.1 | 312.2 | 201.4 |
| 10 Apr | — | — | 205.5 |
| 9 Apr | — | — | 208.7 |
| 8 Apr | — | — | 207.9 |
| 7 Apr | — | — | 203.7 |
| 6 Apr | — | — | 203.7 |
| 3 Apr | — | — | 204.5 |
| 2 Apr | — | — | 205.2 |
| 1 Apr | — | — | 205.7 |
| 31 Mar | — | — | 230.1 |
| 30 Mar | — | — | 241.8 |
| 27 Mar | — | — | 246.4 |
| 26 Mar | — | — | 249.0 |
| 25 Mar | — | — | 247.7 |
| 24 Mar | — | — | 243.5 |
| 23 Mar | — | — | 242.0 |
| 20 Mar | — | — | 236.7 |
| 19 Mar | — | — | 234.1 |
| 18 Mar | — | — | 229.5 |
| 17 Mar | — | — | 223.9 |
| 16 Mar | — | — | 218.4 |
| 13 Mar | — | — | 210.0 |
| 12 Mar | — | — | 204.7 |
| 11 Mar | — | — | 193.7 |
| 10 Mar | — | — | 188.1 |
| 9 Mar | — | — | 175.5 |
| 6 Mar | — | — | 169.0 |
| 5 Mar | — | — | 162.5 |
| 4 Mar | — | — | 159.9 |
| 3 Mar | — | — | 157.3 |
| 2 Mar | — | — | 156.7 |
| 27 Feb | — | — | 155.8 |
| 26 Feb | — | — | 155.3 |
| 25 Feb | — | — | 154.5 |
| 24 Feb | — | — | 152.8 |
| 23 Feb | — | — | 151.7 |
| 20 Feb | — | — | 151.5 |
| 19 Feb | — | — | 152.1 |
| 18 Feb | — | — | 152.6 |
| 17 Feb | — | — | 153.3 |
| 16 Feb | — | — | 153.6 |
| 13 Feb | — | — | 153.5 |
| 12 Feb | — | — | 152.9 |
| 11 Feb | — | — | 152.4 |
| 10 Feb | — | — | 152.1 |
| 9 Feb | — | — | 152.0 |
| 6 Feb | — | — | 152.0 |
| 5 Feb | — | — | 152.2 |
| 4 Feb | — | — | 152.5 |
| 3 Feb | — | — | 153.2 |
| 2 Feb | — | — | 153.4 |
| 30 Jan | — | — | 152.6 |
| 29 Jan | — | — | 153.0 |
| 28 Jan | — | — | 153.4 |
| 27 Jan | — | — | 153.5 |
| 26 Jan | — | — | 153.5 |
| 23 Jan | — | — | 153.6 |
| 22 Jan | — | — | 153.7 |
| 21 Jan | — | — | 153.8 |
| 20 Jan | — | — | 153.6 |
| 19 Jan | — | — | 153.6 |
| 16 Jan | — | — | 153.1 |
| 15 Jan | — | — | 152.5 |
| 14 Jan | — | — | 152.5 |
| 13 Jan | — | — | 152.3 |
| 12 Jan | — | — | 152.4 |
| 9 Jan | — | — | 152.8 |
| 8 Jan | — | — | 153.3 |
| 7 Jan | — | — | 153.7 |
| 6 Jan | — | — | 154.0 |
| 5 Jan | — | — | 154.3 |
| 2 Jan | — | — | 154.4 |
| 1 Jan | — | — | 154.5 |
Sydney against the rest of New South Wales
Source: FuelRadar (fuelradar.com.au)
Daily averages (29 rows)
| Date | Sydney (c/L) | Rest of New South Wales (c/L) |
|---|---|---|
| 29 Oct | 236.9 | 243.2 |
| 28 Oct | 235.2 | 242.5 |
| 27 Oct | 235.5 | 242.7 |
| 26 Oct | 235.7 | 242.8 |
| 25 Oct | 236.1 | 243.1 |
| 24 Oct | 236.4 | 243.4 |
| 23 Oct | 236.6 | 243.6 |
| 22 Oct | 237.2 | 243.9 |
| 21 Oct | 238.0 | 244.4 |
| 20 Oct | 239.0 | 244.8 |
| 19 Oct | 239.6 | 245.4 |
| 18 Oct | 239.8 | 245.6 |
| 17 Oct | 240.0 | 245.7 |
| 16 Oct | 240.2 | 245.8 |
| 15 Oct | 241.0 | 246.3 |
| 14 Oct | 241.6 | 246.4 |
| 13 Oct | 242.5 | 246.4 |
| 12 Oct | 241.8 | 246.1 |
| 11 Oct | 241.5 | 245.8 |
| 10 Oct | 241.4 | 245.7 |
| 9 Oct | 241.3 | 245.4 |
| 8 Oct | 240.7 | 244.5 |
| 7 Oct | 239.0 | 243.4 |
| 6 Oct | 237.9 | 242.4 |
| 5 Oct | 236.5 | 241.5 |
| 4 Oct | 236.9 | 241.7 |
| 3 Oct | 236.8 | 241.7 |
| 2 Oct | 236.1 | 241.1 |
| 1 Oct | 236.6 | 241.2 |
The price cycle in Sydney
- No price-cycle hike in Sydney was detected under the margin-based rule in this period. This does not establish why retail prices changed.
- Sydney’s daily U91 average less the Sydney terminal gate price is the indicative margin, not profit. A hike requires this margin and the retail average each to rise by at least 8.0 c/L within 5 days. Where station-rise counts are available, daily rises of at least 5.0 c/L, summed over the rise, must reach 25% of the station count at the peak; a station can count on more than one day. Rises within 3 days of an excise change are excluded. The margin must then ease by at least half within 21 days; if follow-up is too short, a counted hike can have unconfirmed easing. A regular cycle requires at least two detected hikes. No detected hike does not establish why retail prices changed.
Fuel excise
| Petrol and diesel excise | Rate (c/L, before GST) | Change |
|---|---|---|
| In force on 1 October 2026 | 53.7 | — |
| Average over the days of 1 October to 29 October 2026 | 53.70 | — |
Excise is charged on fuel as it leaves the terminal, so it is already in the terminal gate price; GST is then charged on top.
Source: ATO: Excise duty rates for fuel and petroleum products
The capital cities, U91
Cents a litre, cheapest first. Each capital is its ABS urban area, worked out exactly as in its own state’s report. The margin is against its own terminal’s gate price (Canberra uses Sydney’s). Period-average margins are omitted here: comparable daily inputs and weights are not retained for these rows.
The capital cities, diesel
Show the capital cities, diesel
Cents a litre, cheapest first. Each capital is its ABS urban area, worked out exactly as in its own state’s report. The margin is against its own terminal’s gate price (Canberra uses Sydney’s). Period-average margins are omitted here: comparable daily inputs and weights are not retained for these rows.
Sydney by area
| Area (ABS SA4) | U91 | Diesel |
|---|---|---|
| Sydney Inner South West | 236.0 | 274.5 |
| Sydney Outer South West | 236.9 | 272.9 |
| Sydney Inner West | 237.0 | 278.1 |
| Sydney South West | 237.6 | 275.9 |
| Sydney–Parramatta | 237.7 | 274.2 |
| Sydney – City and Inner South | 238.2 | 282.1 |
| Sydney–Ryde | 238.5 | 282.5 |
| Sydney – Northern Beaches | 238.9 | 286.5 |
| Sydney – Baulkham Hills and Hawkesbury | 239.2 | 284.3 |
| Sydney–Sutherland | 240.3 | 288.3 |
| Sydney–Blacktown | 240.4 | 281.4 |
| Sydney – North Sydney and Hornsby | 240.8 | 288.0 |
| Sydney – Outer West and Blue Mountains | 241.7 | 281.5 |
| Sydney – Eastern Suburbs | 243.1 | 286.8 |
Cents a litre, cheapest U91 first. Areas are the ABS Statistical Areas Level 4 (SA4) inside Sydney’s urban area, named in plain words (“Brisbane - East” is Brisbane East). An area counts its stations that reported on at least a quarter of the days; its average, station count and cheapest station all come from them. Period-average margins are omitted here: comparable daily inputs and weights are not retained for these rows.
Regional towns cheaper than Sydney, U91
| Town | Month | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Appin | 232.1 | −6.5 |
| Picton | 234.8 | −3.8 |
| Muswellbrook | 235.0 | −3.6 |
| Kulnura (rural) | 235.3 | −3.3 |
| Kemps Creek (rural) | 235.5 | −3.1 |
| Scone | 235.8 | −2.8 |
| Tahmoor | 235.9 | −2.7 |
| Williamtown (rural) | 235.9 | −2.7 |
| Maitland | 236.0 | −2.6 |
| Raymond Terrace | 236.4 | −2.2 |
Cents a litre, cheapest first. Sydney’s U91 average was 238.6 c/L. A town’s margin is against Sydney’s terminal gate price. Period-average margins are omitted here: comparable daily inputs and weights are not retained for these rows.
Regional towns ranked, U91
| Town | Average | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Appin | 232.1 | −6.5 |
| Picton | 234.8 | −3.8 |
| Muswellbrook | 235.0 | −3.6 |
| Kulnura (rural) | 235.3 | −3.3 |
| Kemps Creek (rural) | 235.5 | −3.1 |
| Scone | 235.8 | −2.8 |
| Tahmoor | 235.9 | −2.7 |
| Williamtown (rural) | 235.9 | −2.7 |
| Maitland | 236.0 | −2.6 |
| Raymond Terrace | 236.4 | −2.2 |
Cents a litre, cheapest first. A town is ranked with at least two stations reporting through the period and a price on most days; 311 smaller places were left out. A regional city such as Central Coast counts as one place. The cheapest station’s figure is its own average over the period.
Regional towns ranked, diesel
| Town | Average | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Kemps Creek (rural) | 263.9 | −14.4 |
| Camden Haven | 269.4 | −8.9 |
| Harden–Murrumburrah | 269.7 | −8.6 |
| Wagga Wagga | 273.5 | −4.8 |
| Maitland | 274.9 | −3.4 |
| Wauchope | 275.1 | −3.2 |
| Boggabilla | 275.5 | −2.8 |
| Dairymans Plains (rural) | 275.7 | −2.6 |
| Mudgee | 275.7 | −2.6 |
| Nowra–Bomaderry | 275.8 | −2.5 |
Cents a litre, cheapest first. A town is ranked with at least two stations reporting through the period and a price on most days; 289 smaller places were left out. A regional city such as Wollongong counts as one place. The cheapest station’s figure is its own average over the period.
Other fuels: cheapest and dearest towns
| Fuel | Cheapest town (c/L) | Dearest town (c/L) |
|---|---|---|
| E10 | Appin 228.8 | Ulladulla 252.6 |
| Premium 95 | Williamtown (rural) 247.9 | Lightning Ridge 305.7 |
| Premium 98 | Appin 254.1 | Ivanhoe 324.9 |
| LPG | Wollongong 111.9 | Wagga Wagga 124.9 |
Fewer stations sell these fuels, so fewer towns are ranked.
Regional centres, U91
| Centre | Month | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Muswellbrook | 235.0 | −3.6 |
| Maitland | 236.0 | −2.6 |
| Raymond Terrace | 236.4 | −2.2 |
| Cessnock | 237.0 | −1.6 |
| Taree | 237.7 | −0.9 |
| Bathurst | 237.8 | −0.8 |
| Nowra–Bomaderry | 238.2 | −0.4 |
| Wagga Wagga | 238.3 | −0.3 |
| Albury | 238.6 | 0.0 |
| Goulburn | 238.9 | +0.3 |
Cents a litre, cheapest first. A regional centre is a large regional city we map on its own, or an ABS urban centre of 10,000 people or more (2021 Census) outside Sydney.
Against Sydney, month by month, U91
| Area | Month | Against Sydney | Year so far | Months cheaper |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sydney Inner South West | 236.0 | −2.6 | −2.8 | 7 of 7 |
| Sydney Outer South West | 236.9 | −1.7 | −0.8 | 3 of 7 |
| Sydney Inner West | 237.0 | −1.6 | −1.9 | 7 of 7 |
| Sydney South West | 237.6 | −1.0 | −0.2 | 3 of 7 |
| Sydney–Parramatta | 237.7 | −0.9 | −1.4 | 7 of 7 |
| Sydney – City and Inner South | 238.2 | −0.4 | −1.4 | 7 of 7 |
| Sydney–Ryde | 238.5 | −0.1 | −0.9 | 6 of 7 |
| Sydney – Northern Beaches | 238.9 | +0.3 | +0.3 | 4 of 7 |
| Sydney – Baulkham Hills and Hawkesbury | 239.2 | +0.6 | +0.2 | 4 of 7 |
| Sydney–Sutherland | 240.3 | +1.7 | +1.8 | 0 of 7 |
Cents a litre; negative is cheaper than Sydney. The areas are Sydney’s ABS SA4 areas and the regional centres of 50,000 people or more.
Cheapest and dearest in each area, U91
| Area | Cheapest suburb or town |
|---|---|
| Central CoastSydney area | Wyong234.0 c/L |
| Sydney Inner South WestSydney area | Earlwood228.3 c/L |
| Sydney Inner WestSydney area | Croydon231.6 c/L |
| Sydney Outer South WestSydney area | St Helens Park228.2 c/L |
| Sydney South WestSydney area | Lansvale228.0 c/L |
| Sydney – Baulkham Hills and HawkesburySydney area | Freemans Reach234.4 c/L |
| Sydney – City and Inner SouthSydney area | Mascot234.4 c/L |
| Sydney – Eastern SuburbsSydney area | Matraville238.1 c/L |
| Sydney – North Sydney and HornsbySydney area | Hornsby237.9 c/L |
| Sydney – Northern BeachesSydney area | Forestville234.8 c/L |
A suburb or town is the ABS locality a station sits in, ranked within its SA4 by the same rule as the towns.
The year so far: since our records began on 13 April 2026
| Fuel | New South Wales | Sydney | Rest of New South Wales |
|---|---|---|---|
| U91 | 200.3 | 196.1 | 202.5 |
| Diesel | 243.2 | 237.6 | 244.8 |
19 of the 182 towns we ranked averaged less than Sydney for U91.
Cheapest towns since our records began on 13 April 2026, U91
| Town | Average | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Wyee | 188.6 | −7.5 |
| Armidale (rural) | 189.4 | −6.7 |
| Williamtown (rural) | 189.6 | −6.5 |
| Coolongolook (rural) | 189.8 | −6.3 |
| Appin | 190.8 | −5.3 |
| Bodalla | 190.9 | −5.2 |
| Boggabilla | 192.0 | −4.1 |
| Cessnock | 193.2 | −2.9 |
| Nowra–Bomaderry | 193.7 | −2.4 |
| Raymond Terrace | 193.7 | −2.4 |
Dearest towns since our records began on 13 April 2026, U91
| Town | Average | Against Sydney |
|---|---|---|
| Baradine | 233.8 | +37.7 |
| Holbrook | 225.6 | +29.5 |
| Lightning Ridge | 223.7 | +27.6 |
| Wilcannia | 223.1 | +27.0 |
| Walgett | 222.0 | +25.9 |
| Hillston | 221.0 | +24.9 |
| Uki | 220.7 | +24.6 |
| Kyogle | 220.7 | +24.6 |
| Bourke | 220.5 | +24.4 |
| Woodenbong | 220.4 | +24.3 |
The day of the week to buy U91
| Place | Cheapest / dearest, month |
|---|---|
| Sydney | — |
| Central CoastRegional centre | — |
| NewcastleRegional centre | — |
| WollongongRegional centre | — |
| Tweed HeadsRegional centre | — |
| AlburyRegional centre | — |
| Coffs HarbourRegional centre | — |
| MaitlandRegional centre | — |
| ArmidaleRegional centre | — |
| BathurstRegional centre | — |
Each day’s average against the seven days centred on it, averaged by weekday, so a steady rise or fall does not favour one end of the week. A place needs four of each weekday with prices from five stations or more; a month usually shows the year so far only.
What a 60-litre tank of U91 saved
| Comparison | Cheaper | Dearer | A tank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cheapest and dearest town | Appin232.1 c/L | Ivanhoe299.4 c/L | $40.38 |
| Cheapest and dearest regional centre | Muswellbrook235.0 c/L | Moama260.4 c/L | $15.24 |
| Cheapest town and Sydney | Appin232.1 c/L | Sydney238.6 c/L | $3.90 |
| Cheapest station and the state average | Reflections Holiday Parks212.5 c/L | New South Wales242.1 c/L | $17.76 |
Towns that moved most on September 2026, U91
| Town | Month | Change |
|---|---|---|
| GrenfellRose | 251.1 | +27.8 |
| BalranaldRose | 253.3 | +26.3 |
| HayRose | 253.0 | +25.2 |
| MurrurundiRose | 240.2 | +25.1 |
| ColeamballyRose | 253.6 | +24.9 |
Independents and the major brands, U91
| Where | Major brands | Independents | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| New South Wales | 243.0 | 240.7 | −2.3 |
| Sydney | 240.7 | 234.3 | −6.4 |
| U-GoIndependent | — | 232.7 | — |
| SpeedwayIndependent | — | 234.2 | — |
| Pearl EnergyIndependent | — | 235.6 | — |
| ArkoIndependent | — | 236.2 | — |
| BudgetIndependent | — | 236.4 | — |
| MetroIndependent | — | 236.5 | — |
| UnitedMajor brand | 238.4 | — | — |
| EnhanceIndependent | — | 238.9 | — |
The major brands are 7-Eleven, Ampol, BP, Caltex, EG, Mobil, On The Run (OTR), Reddy Express, Shell and United; every other brand, and a station without one, is independent. Stations with a price on a quarter of the days; a brand is listed with five or more.
Cheapest service stations, U91
| Station | Place | Average |
|---|---|---|
| Reflections Holiday ParksIndependent | Copeton | 212.5 |
| Independent KulnuraIndependent | Kulnura | 216.6 |
| Shell Reddy Express St Helens ParkReddy Express | St Helens Park | 219.9 |
| Independent CasinoIndependent | Casino | 221.9 |
| U-Go East Maitland (Un-manned)U-Go | East Maitland | 224.9 |
| PEARL ENERGY EAST MAITLANDPearl Energy | East Maitland | 225.2 |
| Liberty Lansvale WestLiberty | Lansvale | 225.6 |
| United Petroleum East MaitlandUnited | East Maitland | 226.9 |
| United Petroleum MaitlandUnited | South Maitland | 226.9 |
| ARKO EarlwoodArko | Earlwood | 227.0 |
Dearest service stations, U91
| Station | Place | Average |
|---|---|---|
| Thredbo Service StationBP | Thredbo | 367.9 |
| Ampol IvanhoeAmpol | Ivanhoe | 299.4 |
| Ampol IvanhoeAmpol | Ivanhoe | 299.4 |
| White Cliffs Outback Store Pty LtdMobil | White Cliffs | 289.4 |
| Thora StoreIndependent | Thora | 283.4 |
| Independent TibooburraIndependent | Tibooburra | 278.8 |
| Independent CargoIndependent | Cargo | 278.8 |
| Independent BendalongBendalong | Bendalong | 278.2 |
| Urbenville general storeAmpol | Urbenville | 274.9 |
| Tambar Springs General StoreIndependent | Tambar Springs | 274.9 |
Diesel against U91
| Where | Diesel less U91 |
|---|---|
| Sydney | 39.7 |
| New South Wales | 41.1 |
| Rest of New South Wales | 40.4 |
| UrbenvilleNarrowest gap | 20.0 |
| BaradineNarrowest gap | 21.5 |
| MudgeeNarrowest gap | 24.0 |
| Harden–MurrumburrahNarrowest gap | 25.7 |
| MoamaNarrowest gap | 26.8 |
| Lightning RidgeWidest gap | 57.2 |
| IvanhoeWidest gap | 56.4 |
| BallinaWidest gap | 52.8 |
| TumbarumbaWidest gap | 50.0 |
| Kulnura (rural)Widest gap | 49.7 |
Crude oil and the dollar
| Period | Brent, US$ a barrel | US$ per A$ | Brent, A$ c/L |
|---|---|---|---|
| October 2026 | 124.8 | 0.6974 | 112.2 |
| September 2026 | 114.2 | 0.7115 | 101.4 |
| August 2026 | 91.1 | 0.7103 | 80.7 |
| July 2026 | 83.8 | 0.6971 | 76.2 |
Brent: Europe Brent spot price FOB (US Energy Information Administration). Exchange rate: the Federal Reserve’s noon buying rate in New York. Both via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, averaged over the days each is published; the Australian-dollar figures use each day’s rate. A litre is a barrel divided by 158.987. We use these free benchmarks because the refined-petrol and diesel benchmarks Australian wholesale prices follow (Singapore) are sold by subscription.
Outlook
An estimate, not a guarantee
Our outlook describes the days after the period ended, as at 30 October 2026. Prices can move quickly; check the live price at the station before you fill.
Our forecast for Sydney
| Fuel | Average now | A week ahead |
|---|---|---|
| U91 | 236.5 | 240.0 |
| Diesel | 283.8 | 285.2 |
FuelRadar’s published forecast for Sydney, the same one the app shows. An estimate, not a guarantee.
Wholesale and crude oil now
| Measure | Latest |
|---|---|
| National terminal gate price, unleaded | 222.0 c/L |
| National terminal gate price, diesel | 263.1 c/L |
| Brent crude | US$110.90 a barrel |
| Brent crude forecast, October 2026 | US$111.00 a barrel |
| Brent crude forecast, November 2026 | US$104.00 a barrel |
| Brent crude forecast, December 2026 | US$99.00 a barrel |
Wholesale and crude prices as at 23 October 2026. Crude oil forecast: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2026.
Data quality, method and sources
| Coverage | Figure |
|---|---|
| Service stations listed | 2,350 |
| Stations with an eligible input price | 2,311 |
| Station–fuel–days counted (published fuels) | 223,470 |
| Days covered | 1 October 2026 to 29 October 2026 |
| Station-price records used here begin | 13 April 2026 |
| Towns ranked for U91311 left out: too few steady stations | 182 |
Coverage by fuel and period
| Fuel and period | Distinct stations | Station–fuel–days | Calendar days |
|---|---|---|---|
| U91, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 1,993 | 56,532 | 29 |
| U91, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 1,964 | 57,392 | 30 |
| E10, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 1,452 | 41,433 | 29 |
| E10, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 1,436 | 42,584 | 30 |
| DSL, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 1,164 | 32,254 | 29 |
| DSL, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 1,181 | 34,275 | 30 |
| P95, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 1,299 | 36,998 | 29 |
| P95, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 1,287 | 37,820 | 30 |
| P98, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 1,892 | 53,856 | 29 |
| P98, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 1,864 | 54,935 | 30 |
| LPG, October 20261 to 29 Oct 2026 | 105 | 2,397 | 29 |
| LPG, September 20261 to 30 Sept 2026 | 97 | 1,906 | 30 |
The listed count is the inventory used at build time, not a historical census of every operating station. One station selling two fuels on one day contributes two station–fuel–days. Fuel-specific counts must not be added to obtain a distinct station total. Distinct stations contributing eligible prices for this fuel and period. Calendar days describe the window, not new observations.
About this edition
How we worked out these figures, and our sources · What this edition can establish
How we worked out these figures, and our sources
What the average measures
Reported station-day prices, not purchases. Each station counts once per day with an eligible price; stations with more covered days contribute more. The mean is not weighted by litres sold and does not measure what the average driver paid.
Which history this uses
This report's station-price records begin on 13 April 2026. The separately published daily city-average series can begin earlier and use different boundaries and carry rules. Compare figures within the same series.
Coverage and carry
Sydney uses its ABS urban area. An eligible price can be carried forward for up to 30 days. A covered day can therefore contain an earlier reported price. Station-days are observations, not distinct stations. The report does not quantify the share of carried prices or all excluded reports.
Wholesale spreads
Retail less terminal gate price is a gross indicative spread, not profit. It also covers transport, site and operating costs. Brent is a crude-oil benchmark, not a refined petrol or diesel price.
How we average
Each day, every service station counts once at its latest price as of the end of that day. A price is carried forward for at most 30 days, and the average is taken over every station-day in the period, so a station that reported all period counts more than one that reported for a week.
Towns and areas
Sydney is its ABS urban area, split into ABS SA4 areas. Outside it, a town is the locality a station sits in; a station in another large city counts in that city as one place.
Which prices count
Prices held for checking, prices a station reported as unavailable and implausible prices are left out. A station’s next report ends its previous price.
Coverage
2,311 stations had an eligible input price in the period, including carried prices. The figures cover the days to 29 October 2026; the calendar period is incomplete.
Wholesale, margins and the cost of a litre
The terminal gate price is AIP’s weekday price at the Sydney terminal; AIP publishes the capital-city terminals only. Weekday prices are carried over weekends, and a period’s price is the mean of its calendar days. The margin is the retail average less the terminal gate price. In the cost of a litre, crude oil is Brent in Australian dollars, wholesale is the terminal gate price without GST and excise less crude oil, excise is the ATO rate averaged over the days, GST is one eleventh of the retail price, and the retail difference is the rest.
Sources
FuelRadar: station-day averages, areas and the price cycle, from the prices service stations report to their state’s price service. Australian Institute of Petroleum: terminal gate prices. US Energy Information Administration, via FRED: Brent crude. Federal Reserve, via FRED: the exchange rate. Australian Taxation Office: excise rates. Australian Bureau of Statistics: the urban area, SA4 and locality boundaries.
About these prices
These are averages over the whole period, not today’s prices. Check the station price and its update time before you fill.
What this edition can establish
Not recorded
Carried retail price counts and excluded raw report counts were not retained; their shares are unavailable. The number of stations selling each fuel and litres sold are not recorded, so fuel-market and sales coverage percentages are unavailable.
Saved edition
Saved 30 October 2026 at 5:30 am, method version 2, PDF publication unavailable. The fingerprint identifies the saved data, not editorial changes. The PDF publication number does not supply a retained revision history.
Data fingerprint
ed21304f38da04188fd92d848dc3cf2c3fe1051462ed3fb385fdfec92a4f76d9
For media
In short
Sydney reported prices averaged 238.6 c/L for U91 in October 2026, up 16.0 c/L on September 2026. Richmond North was the cheapest town in Sydney – Outer West and Blue Mountains for U91 in October 2026 at 238.2 c/L, 0.4 c/L below Sydney.
Credit line
Source: FuelRadar Australia, New South Wales fuel prices, October 2026 so far, fuelradar.com.au/fuel-price-reports/nsw/2026-10
Media enquiries
Email [email protected]. Figures, graphics and the PDF are free to use in news coverage with the credit line.





